Energy investing - for me, at least - is mostly on hold. I do have some mid-stream gas pipeline companies that pay great dividends but little else besides cash. When will it be time to get back into energy stocks in a core portfolio sense? Lets work back from the new fundamental realities of oil prices to their implications for energy stock prices.
Before 2003 (except during the politically related oil crises of the 1970’s) there was only one condition in the oil market: plenty of oil. So oil tended to sell at a price related to the marginal cost of production. But something has changed since 2003 that adds a second possible oil market condition, scarcity.
What changed is the near-onset of peak oil and the related fact that when oil demand from developing economies ratcheted up, production could not be expanded as rapidly. So for a while in 2007 and 2008 oil demand ran ahead of available supply, a market condition that required a super-high price of oil in order to “destroy” some of the demand. During that time we saw the oil price behave not as a function of the marginal cost of production but as a function of the marginal requirement for reducing demand.
So there are now two possible conditions in the oil market: too much oil and too little. At the present time there is too much, but once the global economy recovers scarcity will motivate oil pricing again. Thus oil pricing is now like a light switch; it is either on or off. What determines the condition of the switch? The rate at which oil demand is either growing - or declining - which is almost entirely a function of economic growth. Therefore the price of oil is a leveraged derivative of the growth of the economy.
How far is down?
Some analysts - myself included - thought OPEC could maintain the oil price at a fairly high level, say $80, despite a global slowdown. And if the global economy had merely downshifted rather than the present condition of going into reverse, that might have been true. But in the current dramatic global GDP decline it seems that OPEC is powerless. Last week it was reported that Nigeria refused to go along with another OPEC production cut because Nigeria cannot afford lower volume. No doubt there are other oil exporting countries now suffering so much from the low price of oil that their fear that a cut in their output would not drive up the price enough to compensate for the lower volume prevents them from taking a chance on an output cut.
Even if OPEC could hold together to reduce production, the lower production might not prop up oil prices very much because analysts now understand that as OPEC reduces current oil production it simultaneously increases spare production capacity, which tends to damp oil prices almost as much. Why? Because analysts know that when oil demand begins to recover spare capacity will allow production to increase just as rapidly. Thus it could take many months of economic growth before the price of oil would go higher than the marginal cost of production since analysts know that the cheap OPEC oil that has been kept off the market via collusion will come back on stream rapidly.
If OPEC can’t stop the slide in oil prices what will? A number of factors will soon start to kick in to stop oil prices from going much lower than the recent high-$40 level, including:
1. Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) operators will begin to shut down production since the enhanced recovery methods entail higher costs. They know they can only produce EOR oil for a limited time and in a fixed quantity. At a low enough price of oil they will deem their profit margins to be insufficient. Some operators will shut down because they can’t afford to operate but most will ask: why sell it for $50 when we are confident oil will eventually sell for a much higher price and we will only have a fixed amount from any given field to sell?
2. At some price some Canadian and Venezuelan oil sands operators will find their marginal costs for production, shipping, and marketing is greater than the price of oil and so will have to shut down operations. That floor price may not be too much lower than the present $48.
3. The rapid decline of old cheap-oil fields will reduce supply even more than OPEC will. Recently the IEA reported that old fields are starting to decline at rates of 6.5%, much more rapidly than the 4% that has been standard wisdom previously. Even a 4% decline rate means you have to bring on about 3.5 mb/d of new oil fields each year to make up for it. So the accelerating decline of old fields will have more impact on supply now when there is less supply and when there are fewer new fields coming on stream.
At some point, the market forces unleashed by lower prices - in other words the tendency of suppliers to produce less oil when prices are lower - combined with the natural decline of old oil fields will offset the forces pushing oil prices down, namely decreasing global GDP and the expectations for still lower prices on the part of speculators. As usual, “the cure for low prices is low prices.” My guess is that $40 could become a floor price - or maybe the has already been reached.
The road back to oil scarcity
Standard wisdom these days, it seems to me, is that eventually the economy will recover and with it oil demand will begin to increase again. What will that process look like?
There are essentially three kinds of oil that can be produced in quantity. They are:
1. cheap land based oil,
2. new production from oil fields obtained with more expensive Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) techniques, and
3. expensive oil from new oil fields that lie deep offshore or in very inhospitable places like the Caspian and Siberia, or oil that comes from converting near-oil such as oil sands or - much worse - “oil shale” into syncrude.
The production of cheap oil only requires a price in the $30 neighborhood. There is still a lot of cheap oil potentially available from Iraq and Nigeria in particular but it is unlikely to be developed quickly due to political issues. EOR operators probably want to see oil above $75 in order to be excited about their ROI. EOR oil production has probably been maximized during the past three years, although there is always opportunity for more production through new EOR techniques.
But despite the potential for some new cheap oil and new EOR, most of the potential future new flows of oil are the expensive type. They come from new oil sands efforts and new deep offshore drilling and recovery. That sort of production will probably require a price in excess of $100 to be economically feasible. So it looks like somewhere around $100 is the new marginal cost-of-production basis for oil pricing - and inflation will increase that price over time.
Before 2003 (except during the politically related oil crises of the 1970’s) there was only one condition in the oil market: plenty of oil. So oil tended to sell at a price related to the marginal cost of production. But something has changed since 2003 that adds a second possible oil market condition, scarcity.
What changed is the near-onset of peak oil and the related fact that when oil demand from developing economies ratcheted up, production could not be expanded as rapidly. So for a while in 2007 and 2008 oil demand ran ahead of available supply, a market condition that required a super-high price of oil in order to “destroy” some of the demand. During that time we saw the oil price behave not as a function of the marginal cost of production but as a function of the marginal requirement for reducing demand.
So there are now two possible conditions in the oil market: too much oil and too little. At the present time there is too much, but once the global economy recovers scarcity will motivate oil pricing again. Thus oil pricing is now like a light switch; it is either on or off. What determines the condition of the switch? The rate at which oil demand is either growing - or declining - which is almost entirely a function of economic growth. Therefore the price of oil is a leveraged derivative of the growth of the economy.
How far is down?
Some analysts - myself included - thought OPEC could maintain the oil price at a fairly high level, say $80, despite a global slowdown. And if the global economy had merely downshifted rather than the present condition of going into reverse, that might have been true. But in the current dramatic global GDP decline it seems that OPEC is powerless. Last week it was reported that Nigeria refused to go along with another OPEC production cut because Nigeria cannot afford lower volume. No doubt there are other oil exporting countries now suffering so much from the low price of oil that their fear that a cut in their output would not drive up the price enough to compensate for the lower volume prevents them from taking a chance on an output cut.
Even if OPEC could hold together to reduce production, the lower production might not prop up oil prices very much because analysts now understand that as OPEC reduces current oil production it simultaneously increases spare production capacity, which tends to damp oil prices almost as much. Why? Because analysts know that when oil demand begins to recover spare capacity will allow production to increase just as rapidly. Thus it could take many months of economic growth before the price of oil would go higher than the marginal cost of production since analysts know that the cheap OPEC oil that has been kept off the market via collusion will come back on stream rapidly.
If OPEC can’t stop the slide in oil prices what will? A number of factors will soon start to kick in to stop oil prices from going much lower than the recent high-$40 level, including:
1. Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) operators will begin to shut down production since the enhanced recovery methods entail higher costs. They know they can only produce EOR oil for a limited time and in a fixed quantity. At a low enough price of oil they will deem their profit margins to be insufficient. Some operators will shut down because they can’t afford to operate but most will ask: why sell it for $50 when we are confident oil will eventually sell for a much higher price and we will only have a fixed amount from any given field to sell?
2. At some price some Canadian and Venezuelan oil sands operators will find their marginal costs for production, shipping, and marketing is greater than the price of oil and so will have to shut down operations. That floor price may not be too much lower than the present $48.
3. The rapid decline of old cheap-oil fields will reduce supply even more than OPEC will. Recently the IEA reported that old fields are starting to decline at rates of 6.5%, much more rapidly than the 4% that has been standard wisdom previously. Even a 4% decline rate means you have to bring on about 3.5 mb/d of new oil fields each year to make up for it. So the accelerating decline of old fields will have more impact on supply now when there is less supply and when there are fewer new fields coming on stream.
At some point, the market forces unleashed by lower prices - in other words the tendency of suppliers to produce less oil when prices are lower - combined with the natural decline of old oil fields will offset the forces pushing oil prices down, namely decreasing global GDP and the expectations for still lower prices on the part of speculators. As usual, “the cure for low prices is low prices.” My guess is that $40 could become a floor price - or maybe the has already been reached.
The road back to oil scarcity
Standard wisdom these days, it seems to me, is that eventually the economy will recover and with it oil demand will begin to increase again. What will that process look like?
There are essentially three kinds of oil that can be produced in quantity. They are:
1. cheap land based oil,
2. new production from oil fields obtained with more expensive Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) techniques, and
3. expensive oil from new oil fields that lie deep offshore or in very inhospitable places like the Caspian and Siberia, or oil that comes from converting near-oil such as oil sands or - much worse - “oil shale” into syncrude.
The production of cheap oil only requires a price in the $30 neighborhood. There is still a lot of cheap oil potentially available from Iraq and Nigeria in particular but it is unlikely to be developed quickly due to political issues. EOR operators probably want to see oil above $75 in order to be excited about their ROI. EOR oil production has probably been maximized during the past three years, although there is always opportunity for more production through new EOR techniques.
But despite the potential for some new cheap oil and new EOR, most of the potential future new flows of oil are the expensive type. They come from new oil sands efforts and new deep offshore drilling and recovery. That sort of production will probably require a price in excess of $100 to be economically feasible. So it looks like somewhere around $100 is the new marginal cost-of-production basis for oil pricing - and inflation will increase that price over time.
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