C'est un peu ambigu vu que le berbere partage un important vocabulaire commun avec les langues tchadiques qu'il ne partage pas avec les autres branches afrasiatiques(branche semito-egyptienne inclus)et en meme temps le berbere a une morphologie,grammaire et conjugaison(+une partie moins importante du vocabulaire)avec la branche semito-egyptienne.
L'element semito-egyptien serait un substrat et celui tchadique serait un superstrat;on peut se demander: pkoi pas le contraire(cad un substrat tchadique et un superstrat semito-egyptien)?
Eh bien parceque la grammaire-conjugaison-morphologie est bien moins volatile que le vocabulaire qui peut etre plus facilement emprunte.
C'est pour ça qu'il ya deux classifications repandues pour la langue berbere a l'interieur de la famille afrasiatique:l'une regroupe le berbere avec l'egyptien et le semite sous la branche dite nord-afrasiatique et ceci due a la grammaire-conjugaison-morpholgie commune entre ces 3 langues(quoi que le vocabulaire commun entre semito-egyptien et berbere est tres limite)
La seconde regroupe le berbere avec le tchadique sous une famille dite libyo-tchadique(essentiellement pour l'importance du vocabulaire commun entre berbere et tchadique)
Pire,le semite partage plus de vocabulaire avec l'indo-europeen qu'il ne partage avec le berbere:
exemple:
1/pronoms:
arabic/akkadian pronouns(after deletin the "n" of genetive suffixe/phonetic liaison)
a/aku=I,ekho(Greek),ez(Kurdish),ik(Germanic)
ta=thou
huwe=he
hiye/shiye=she
hnu=nous(French)
tom=shoma(Persian)
hom=them
2/conjonctions et particules grammaticales:
akkadian kima,arabic kama,french comme,italian come=english "such"
akkadian ina,arabic ayna ind,english in
arabic hatta,persian ta,english to
laysa/nist
arabic lays
persian nist
english is not
french n'est
semitic "la"(no) corresponds to ie "na"(no) and semitic "ays" to ie "is/ist.."
kay/ki=english "which/who"
arabic kay
persian ki
french que
italian che
arabic bi,persian bi(although persian "bi" could be a loanword from babylonian or from arabic),english by
arabic amma,french mais,italian ma=english "but"
arabic we,italian e,french et=english "and"
3/nombres
ahd,thi,thle,arb,hams,sits,sab,tham,tisa,ashar.(arabic ihdash means 11 with dash standing for 10 and so itnash12,tlotash13,arbaatash14,khamstash15 and so on...)
Russian(archaic ie language??)numbers:
odin,thio[Greek],tri,chetire,pjat(sanskrit panca),shest,sem',vosem,devjat,desjat.
4/couleurs
aswad(black)with germanic shwarz
abyadh(white)with russian bielo
azraq(blue)with romance azur/azul
asfar(yellow)with persian sard/zard
tec..
5/animaux
djady/goat
hisan/horse
fil/elephant
aaqrab/scorpion
qit/cat
aasfur/sparrow
hanash/snake
baqara/buck
uuqab/eagle
wazz/goose
thuuban/serpent
fil/elephant
kalb/dog**(romance can)
djamus/cow***(akkadian gamesh,old persian gawesh)
thawr/bull(but greek tauros and italian toro)
etc..
6/vocabulaire basique
burr/barley
dal/door
shuaa/shine
khalq/folk
ardh/earth
haql/agro(greek)
dalw/diluate
fatah/open(latin opteo)
lugha/logos
khom/home
kukh/case(lat)
thuraya/star
lahas/lick
bany/bind
qataa/cut
adda/do
dja/go(possible semantic shift)
masha/marcher(to walk)
qaad/guider(to goad)
saffar/siffler(to whistle)
dharab/frapper(to hit)
bard/froid(cold)
mawt/mort(death)
mazadj/melanger(to mix)
kasar/casser(to break)
dalw/diluer(to diluate)
add/donner(to give)
faal/faire(to do)
farr/fuire(to flee)
madhagh/mastiquer(to masticate)
sharab/siroter(to drink)
fatah/ouvrie(to open/from latin opteo)
ghalq/clore(to close)
sorr/sourie(to laugh)
qatl/tuer(to kill)
shara/acheter(to buy)
lahas/lecher(to lick)
radjaa/retourner(to come back)
etc..
7/vocabulaire relatif aux parties du corps
arabic/english
tawil/tall
dhiqn/chin
aayn/eye
fuh,buq/mouth(lat bucca)
qafa/cephalo
anf/nose
odhen/ear(ancient germanic oren)
sin/tooth(french dent)
oonq/neck
yad/hand
saq/leg
qadam/foot
shaar/hair
sadr/chest
etc...
8/broken plural:
The broken plural feature are a common grammatical features among arabic and english
example:
english
tooth/teeth
arabic
daar/duur(house/houses)
9/autres partciularitees grammaticales similaires:
arabic dhu
greek to(the)
arabic al,italian il,french le,la
djamilon/bello(masculine for beautiful)
djamila/bella(feminie for beuatiful)
kaabi(one of the tribe of kaab)/cesaroni(one of the tribe of cesaro-n for liaison)[conti,gotti,sgarbi,liguri,lombardi....]
future grammatical particule
arabic sa
greek tha
arabic and greek case endings
arabic thawron(arabic nominative form)
greek tauros(greek nominative form)
arabic and greek common dual endings
arabic thawrayn(2 bulls)
greek tawrin(2 bulls)
arabic and greek common conjugation endings
arabic ohibbu
greek agapo
arabic and greek both have oblique case
arabic sa ohibbu an aktuba(without the "an" it would be aktubu)
greek tha agapo tin grafi(without the "tin" it would be grafo)
arabic/greek common roots
pyrgos/bordj (tower)
tauros/thawr(bull)
tukos/mitraqa(hammer)
tsepi/djayb(pocket)
dhidhime/taw'am(twin)
rodos/ward(rose/flower)
kefali/qafa(head)
gato/qit(cat)
spathi/sayf(sword)
spiti/bayt(home/room)
okoton/qatala(to kill)
skelos/saq(leg)
agros/haql(field)
agapo/ohibbu(I love)
felatos/fall(to flee)
gidha/djady(goat)
koraki/ghurab(crow)
asteri/thuraya(star)
kateros/qaidh(hot)
dolios/tawil(tall)
suos/sawt(sound)
etc..
beograd means white city in serbian/slavian.
arabic is qarya baydha(remember canaanite qart hadsha=new city)
english:city
soghdian:qand(samarqand)
arabic:qarya
canaanite:qart
serbo/croatian(and perhaps russian as in Leningrad):grad
italian:citta
french:citee
etc...
Si on essayait de speculer quand a l'origine de ces strates linguistiques de la langue berbere,on peut prendre en consideration la diversitee genetique de ces 4 populations(berberes,tchadiens,egyptiens,semites)
L'element semito-egyptien serait un substrat et celui tchadique serait un superstrat;on peut se demander: pkoi pas le contraire(cad un substrat tchadique et un superstrat semito-egyptien)?
Eh bien parceque la grammaire-conjugaison-morphologie est bien moins volatile que le vocabulaire qui peut etre plus facilement emprunte.
C'est pour ça qu'il ya deux classifications repandues pour la langue berbere a l'interieur de la famille afrasiatique:l'une regroupe le berbere avec l'egyptien et le semite sous la branche dite nord-afrasiatique et ceci due a la grammaire-conjugaison-morpholgie commune entre ces 3 langues(quoi que le vocabulaire commun entre semito-egyptien et berbere est tres limite)
La seconde regroupe le berbere avec le tchadique sous une famille dite libyo-tchadique(essentiellement pour l'importance du vocabulaire commun entre berbere et tchadique)
Pire,le semite partage plus de vocabulaire avec l'indo-europeen qu'il ne partage avec le berbere:
exemple:
1/pronoms:
arabic/akkadian pronouns(after deletin the "n" of genetive suffixe/phonetic liaison)
a/aku=I,ekho(Greek),ez(Kurdish),ik(Germanic)
ta=thou
huwe=he
hiye/shiye=she
hnu=nous(French)
tom=shoma(Persian)
hom=them
2/conjonctions et particules grammaticales:
akkadian kima,arabic kama,french comme,italian come=english "such"
akkadian ina,arabic ayna ind,english in
arabic hatta,persian ta,english to
laysa/nist
arabic lays
persian nist
english is not
french n'est
semitic "la"(no) corresponds to ie "na"(no) and semitic "ays" to ie "is/ist.."
kay/ki=english "which/who"
arabic kay
persian ki
french que
italian che
arabic bi,persian bi(although persian "bi" could be a loanword from babylonian or from arabic),english by
arabic amma,french mais,italian ma=english "but"
arabic we,italian e,french et=english "and"
3/nombres
ahd,thi,thle,arb,hams,sits,sab,tham,tisa,ashar.(arabic ihdash means 11 with dash standing for 10 and so itnash12,tlotash13,arbaatash14,khamstash15 and so on...)
Russian(archaic ie language??)numbers:
odin,thio[Greek],tri,chetire,pjat(sanskrit panca),shest,sem',vosem,devjat,desjat.
4/couleurs
aswad(black)with germanic shwarz
abyadh(white)with russian bielo
azraq(blue)with romance azur/azul
asfar(yellow)with persian sard/zard
tec..
5/animaux
djady/goat
hisan/horse
fil/elephant
aaqrab/scorpion
qit/cat
aasfur/sparrow
hanash/snake
baqara/buck
uuqab/eagle
wazz/goose
thuuban/serpent
fil/elephant
kalb/dog**(romance can)
djamus/cow***(akkadian gamesh,old persian gawesh)
thawr/bull(but greek tauros and italian toro)
etc..
6/vocabulaire basique
burr/barley
dal/door
shuaa/shine
khalq/folk
ardh/earth
haql/agro(greek)
dalw/diluate
fatah/open(latin opteo)
lugha/logos
khom/home
kukh/case(lat)
thuraya/star
lahas/lick
bany/bind
qataa/cut
adda/do
dja/go(possible semantic shift)
masha/marcher(to walk)
qaad/guider(to goad)
saffar/siffler(to whistle)
dharab/frapper(to hit)
bard/froid(cold)
mawt/mort(death)
mazadj/melanger(to mix)
kasar/casser(to break)
dalw/diluer(to diluate)
add/donner(to give)
faal/faire(to do)
farr/fuire(to flee)
madhagh/mastiquer(to masticate)
sharab/siroter(to drink)
fatah/ouvrie(to open/from latin opteo)
ghalq/clore(to close)
sorr/sourie(to laugh)
qatl/tuer(to kill)
shara/acheter(to buy)
lahas/lecher(to lick)
radjaa/retourner(to come back)
etc..
7/vocabulaire relatif aux parties du corps
arabic/english
tawil/tall
dhiqn/chin
aayn/eye
fuh,buq/mouth(lat bucca)
qafa/cephalo
anf/nose
odhen/ear(ancient germanic oren)
sin/tooth(french dent)
oonq/neck
yad/hand
saq/leg
qadam/foot
shaar/hair
sadr/chest
etc...
8/broken plural:
The broken plural feature are a common grammatical features among arabic and english
example:
english
tooth/teeth
arabic
daar/duur(house/houses)
9/autres partciularitees grammaticales similaires:
arabic dhu
greek to(the)
arabic al,italian il,french le,la
djamilon/bello(masculine for beautiful)
djamila/bella(feminie for beuatiful)
kaabi(one of the tribe of kaab)/cesaroni(one of the tribe of cesaro-n for liaison)[conti,gotti,sgarbi,liguri,lombardi....]
future grammatical particule
arabic sa
greek tha
arabic and greek case endings
arabic thawron(arabic nominative form)
greek tauros(greek nominative form)
arabic and greek common dual endings
arabic thawrayn(2 bulls)
greek tawrin(2 bulls)
arabic and greek common conjugation endings
arabic ohibbu
greek agapo
arabic and greek both have oblique case
arabic sa ohibbu an aktuba(without the "an" it would be aktubu)
greek tha agapo tin grafi(without the "tin" it would be grafo)
arabic/greek common roots
pyrgos/bordj (tower)
tauros/thawr(bull)
tukos/mitraqa(hammer)
tsepi/djayb(pocket)
dhidhime/taw'am(twin)
rodos/ward(rose/flower)
kefali/qafa(head)
gato/qit(cat)
spathi/sayf(sword)
spiti/bayt(home/room)
okoton/qatala(to kill)
skelos/saq(leg)
agros/haql(field)
agapo/ohibbu(I love)
felatos/fall(to flee)
gidha/djady(goat)
koraki/ghurab(crow)
asteri/thuraya(star)
kateros/qaidh(hot)
dolios/tawil(tall)
suos/sawt(sound)
etc..
beograd means white city in serbian/slavian.
arabic is qarya baydha(remember canaanite qart hadsha=new city)
english:city
soghdian:qand(samarqand)
arabic:qarya
canaanite:qart
serbo/croatian(and perhaps russian as in Leningrad):grad
italian:citta
french:citee
etc...
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