pour avoire une petite idée sur comment marche la comparation et le regroupement des langues voila un petit pragarpahe d'un livre du linguiste afrasianiste berberiste semiticiste et kushisite Alexander Militarev traitant les reflexes dans les langues afrasiennes filles de "pied" (foot)
et comme vous pouvez notez a l'interieur meme du semitique il ya plusieurs formes car emanant de différentes racines lexicales+sound shift
akk=akkadien, soq=langue semitique soqotri dans l'ile yeöenite soqotra etc...
31 FOOT:
et comme vous pouvez notez a l'interieur meme du semitique il ya plusieurs formes car emanant de différentes racines lexicales+sound shift
akk=akkadien, soq=langue semitique soqotri dans l'ile yeöenite soqotra etc...
31 FOOT:
(1) Akk. šēpu; Soq. ŝab, ŝaf // < Sem. *ŝayI- ‘foot, sole of foot; shoe’ (SED I No. 269).
(2) Ugr. pn; Pho. pm; Mhr. f_m; Jib. fam // < Sem. *pam/n- (SED I No. 207).
(3) Hbr. Bib. ragal; Plm. rgl; Syr. regl;
Mnd. ligr- (met.); Qur. riǯl;
Sab. rgl // < Sem. *rigl- (SED
I No. 228), with semantically diverse but undoubted Afras. parallels (see below).
(4) Mnd. kraia (syn.) // < Sem. *kirā- ‘knee and shin-bone; lower leg’ (SED I No. 157).
(5) Urm. aḳl- // < Arm.: Syr. aḳlān- ‘armilla, brachiale’ (Brock. 44), probably related to Arb.
wḳl ‘lever un pied en l’air en posant l’autre sur le sol’ (BK 2 1591).
(6) Leb. žr; Gez. Tgr. gr; Tna. gri; Amh. gr; Arg. ingir, agr; Gaf. gra; Sod. Cha. agr;
Har. ingir; Wol. ngr // < Sem. (Arb.-Eth.) *i(n)gi/ur- (SED I No. 7). Continues, with a fossilized
prefixed V,
Afras. *gVr- (see below).99
(7) Mec. gadam // More likely <*ḳadam: Arb. ḳadam- ‘le premier pas; pas; pied’ (BK 2 691; the
original meaning must be ‘front leg of an animal’) < Sem. *ḳdm ‘to precede, be in front’ (v.
in LGz 421; cf. *ḳudm- ‘parte anteriore’ Fron. 265). Less likely, though not impossible, <
*gad-am,
with a fossilized suffix m,
< Sem. *gVd-at- ‘(part or bone of the) leg of animal’:
Akk. gudgudātu ‘part of the lower leg of a quadruped’, Gez. agadā ‘thighbone, shinbone,
leg, large bone of the leg, shoulder of animal’, etc. (v. SED I No. 71).
(8) Mlt. si // <*siḳ: Arb. sāḳ- ‘jambe, tibia’ < Sem. *šāḳ- ‘thigh, leg’ (SED I No. 241).
(9) Tgr. ḳb (syn.) // < Sem. *aḳib,
*iḳb- ‘heel’ (SED I No. 14).
(10) Hrs. gedel; Mhr. gēdel (syn.); Jib. gRdl (syn.) // < Sem. *gVd(V)l- ‘limb’ (SED I No. 73).
(11) Soq. suḳal (syn.) // < Sem. *š/suḳl- ‘leg, thigh; elbow’ (SED I No. 242); derivation, with a fossilized
prefixed l,
from Sem. *šāḳ- ‘thigh, leg’ (No. 8, above) is possible.
→ Common Semitic 1: *ŝayI- (#1) < Afras. *ĉayI- ‘foot, sole of foot; shoe’: Egyp. (Gr) šp ‘hoof’;
N. Cush.: Beja šib ‘to shoe’, šab ‘to be shod, put on one’s footgear’; C. Cush.: *šanp/b-
‘foot, heel’: Bilin šaanfi, Qwara šaanpaa, Dembea šanfa, Qemant šaambaa, S. Cush.: Asa
išiba ‘sandal’ (ADB).
Common Semitic 2: *pam/n- (#2) < Afras. *Paun/m- ‘leg, foot’: W. Chad.: Fyer fǔŋ
(< *funH),
C. Chad.: Fali Kiria punu ‘thigh’, Zime-Batna fun ‘buttocks’, E. Chad.: Soko-
98 This root is attested only in MSA and Arabic, which always causes suspicions of an Arabism in MSA; this is
hardly the case, however, since the root has reliable Afras. cognates and the primary meaning seems to have been
‘wing’: Egyp. (Pyr.) ḏnḥ (<*gnḥ) ‘wing’; (?) C. Chad.: Mbara gàŋ-làŋ ‘wing’ (the second element is not clear); E.
Cush.: HEC: Kambatta gonna-ta id.; N. Omot.: Dizi (Maji) gaŋg ‘to fly’.
99 Its widely accepted and much-discussed cognation with *rigl- is yet another mythetymology among
Semitists.
Alexander Militarev
72
ro offen, opUn (<*Vfyan)
‘foot, leg’; E. Cush.: Oromo fana ‘trace’ (n.), S. Cush.: Qwadza
paam-uko ‘foot’ (ADB).
Common West Semitic 1: *rigl- (#3) < Afras. *riga/ul- ‘limb, leg’: Brb. Zenaga t-rgl,
Ghadames ta-rzǎ/el-t ‘plume’, tū-rgl-a ‘gros pedoncule du regime de dattes’, Ayr a-rgul
‘penis’, Ahaggar a-rḡal ‘queue’; W. Chad. Tangale argil ‘inner side of upper thigh’
(Stolb 2005 233), etc. Cf. also Egyp. (Pyr.) ꜣg.t ‘hoof (of cow and ass)’, (NK) gꜣ.t ‘claw
(of lion and bird)’ (dissimilation <*ꜣgꜣ <*rgl?) (ADB).
Common West Semitic 2: *i(n)gi/ur- (#6) < Afras. *(i-n)gur- ‘leg, knee’: W. Chad. Warji
Ogarai, Miya agar ‘leg’, Mbara mu-guri, E. Chad. Kera gKgKr ‘knee’, Sokoro gorun-gorundu
‘foot’; S. Cush. *gurun-guda ‘knee’: Iraqw, Gorowa gurūngura, etc. (cf. K-M 122),
N. Omot.: Mocha gurāto, Gimirra (She) gurat ‘knee’ (LMč33; comparison with Amh.
gulbat, etc. is wrong) (ADB).100
(2) Ugr. pn; Pho. pm; Mhr. f_m; Jib. fam // < Sem. *pam/n- (SED I No. 207).
(3) Hbr. Bib. ragal; Plm. rgl; Syr. regl;
Mnd. ligr- (met.); Qur. riǯl;
Sab. rgl // < Sem. *rigl- (SED
I No. 228), with semantically diverse but undoubted Afras. parallels (see below).
(4) Mnd. kraia (syn.) // < Sem. *kirā- ‘knee and shin-bone; lower leg’ (SED I No. 157).
(5) Urm. aḳl- // < Arm.: Syr. aḳlān- ‘armilla, brachiale’ (Brock. 44), probably related to Arb.
wḳl ‘lever un pied en l’air en posant l’autre sur le sol’ (BK 2 1591).
(6) Leb. žr; Gez. Tgr. gr; Tna. gri; Amh. gr; Arg. ingir, agr; Gaf. gra; Sod. Cha. agr;
Har. ingir; Wol. ngr // < Sem. (Arb.-Eth.) *i(n)gi/ur- (SED I No. 7). Continues, with a fossilized
prefixed V,
Afras. *gVr- (see below).99
(7) Mec. gadam // More likely <*ḳadam: Arb. ḳadam- ‘le premier pas; pas; pied’ (BK 2 691; the
original meaning must be ‘front leg of an animal’) < Sem. *ḳdm ‘to precede, be in front’ (v.
in LGz 421; cf. *ḳudm- ‘parte anteriore’ Fron. 265). Less likely, though not impossible, <
*gad-am,
with a fossilized suffix m,
< Sem. *gVd-at- ‘(part or bone of the) leg of animal’:
Akk. gudgudātu ‘part of the lower leg of a quadruped’, Gez. agadā ‘thighbone, shinbone,
leg, large bone of the leg, shoulder of animal’, etc. (v. SED I No. 71).
(8) Mlt. si // <*siḳ: Arb. sāḳ- ‘jambe, tibia’ < Sem. *šāḳ- ‘thigh, leg’ (SED I No. 241).
(9) Tgr. ḳb (syn.) // < Sem. *aḳib,
*iḳb- ‘heel’ (SED I No. 14).
(10) Hrs. gedel; Mhr. gēdel (syn.); Jib. gRdl (syn.) // < Sem. *gVd(V)l- ‘limb’ (SED I No. 73).
(11) Soq. suḳal (syn.) // < Sem. *š/suḳl- ‘leg, thigh; elbow’ (SED I No. 242); derivation, with a fossilized
prefixed l,
from Sem. *šāḳ- ‘thigh, leg’ (No. 8, above) is possible.
→ Common Semitic 1: *ŝayI- (#1) < Afras. *ĉayI- ‘foot, sole of foot; shoe’: Egyp. (Gr) šp ‘hoof’;
N. Cush.: Beja šib ‘to shoe’, šab ‘to be shod, put on one’s footgear’; C. Cush.: *šanp/b-
‘foot, heel’: Bilin šaanfi, Qwara šaanpaa, Dembea šanfa, Qemant šaambaa, S. Cush.: Asa
išiba ‘sandal’ (ADB).
Common Semitic 2: *pam/n- (#2) < Afras. *Paun/m- ‘leg, foot’: W. Chad.: Fyer fǔŋ
(< *funH),
C. Chad.: Fali Kiria punu ‘thigh’, Zime-Batna fun ‘buttocks’, E. Chad.: Soko-
98 This root is attested only in MSA and Arabic, which always causes suspicions of an Arabism in MSA; this is
hardly the case, however, since the root has reliable Afras. cognates and the primary meaning seems to have been
‘wing’: Egyp. (Pyr.) ḏnḥ (<*gnḥ) ‘wing’; (?) C. Chad.: Mbara gàŋ-làŋ ‘wing’ (the second element is not clear); E.
Cush.: HEC: Kambatta gonna-ta id.; N. Omot.: Dizi (Maji) gaŋg ‘to fly’.
99 Its widely accepted and much-discussed cognation with *rigl- is yet another mythetymology among
Semitists.
Alexander Militarev
72
ro offen, opUn (<*Vfyan)
‘foot, leg’; E. Cush.: Oromo fana ‘trace’ (n.), S. Cush.: Qwadza
paam-uko ‘foot’ (ADB).
Common West Semitic 1: *rigl- (#3) < Afras. *riga/ul- ‘limb, leg’: Brb. Zenaga t-rgl,
Ghadames ta-rzǎ/el-t ‘plume’, tū-rgl-a ‘gros pedoncule du regime de dattes’, Ayr a-rgul
‘penis’, Ahaggar a-rḡal ‘queue’; W. Chad. Tangale argil ‘inner side of upper thigh’
(Stolb 2005 233), etc. Cf. also Egyp. (Pyr.) ꜣg.t ‘hoof (of cow and ass)’, (NK) gꜣ.t ‘claw
(of lion and bird)’ (dissimilation <*ꜣgꜣ <*rgl?) (ADB).
Common West Semitic 2: *i(n)gi/ur- (#6) < Afras. *(i-n)gur- ‘leg, knee’: W. Chad. Warji
Ogarai, Miya agar ‘leg’, Mbara mu-guri, E. Chad. Kera gKgKr ‘knee’, Sokoro gorun-gorundu
‘foot’; S. Cush. *gurun-guda ‘knee’: Iraqw, Gorowa gurūngura, etc. (cf. K-M 122),
N. Omot.: Mocha gurāto, Gimirra (She) gurat ‘knee’ (LMč33; comparison with Amh.
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